Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.

This study was carried out to investigate the direct and indirect responses to selection for four-week body weight (4 week body (wk BW)) and four-week breast weight (4 week breast weight (wk BRW)) and to determine the genetic contribution of reminder founders to the last generation. A total number of 351 birds were equally allocated to three lines, including two selected lines (S1 and S2 for BW and breast weight, respectively) along with a control (C) line. Total net genetic improvement for BW and BRW in S1 and S2 lines were 31.6, 7.6 and 28.0 and 7.3 g, respectively. Genetic correlations between 4 wk BW and carcass traits (0.85 to 0.95) and phenotypic correlations (0.43 to 0.93) were positively high in S1 and S2 lines. The mean percentage of inbreeding for population and inbred birds in S1 and S2 lines were 0.95, 7.75 and 0.64 and 11.3, respectively. The number of retained founders to the last generation of S1 was more than S2. However, more balance genetic contribution to the last generation was outlined by the founders in S2 line. The BW can be used as a selection criterion to improve the carcass traits because there is a strong correlation between BW and carcass traits, selection for BW is easier to record and also its improvement costs are lower than selection for BRW. Meanwhile, long term response to selection is needed to preserve alleles from the lowest contributed founders.

To improve a complex character such as yield with low heritability, the use of indirect selection through other characters and a selection index based on different effective traits is recommended. This study was conducted to evaluate different selection methods by using 23 F2:4 wheat lines derived from the cross of Virmarin (susceptible cultivar) and Sardari (tolerant cultivar) at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in two irrigation treatments (i.e. irrigation after 70±3 and 120±3 mm evaporation from class a pan). For each irrigation treatment, different selection indices were constructed based on the number of spike per m2, days to heading, number of grain per spike and 1000 - kernel weight. Also direct and correlated responses were calculated for these traits. The results of the response to selection and correlated response indicated that in the same conditions of this study, early heading cultivars with high number of spikes and low number of grain per spike with high 1000 - kernel weight will have more yield potential. Number of spike per m2 and 1000 - kernel weight exhibited positive response in most of the indices and both irrigation treatments, while days to heading and number of grain per spike revealed negative responses. Thus selection based on these indices would result in early heading cultivars with high spike per m2, low number of grain per spike and high 1000 - kernel weight. It was also found that Smith-Hazel and Brim-Williams indices had the highest efficiencies.

Background and purpose: Lung injury is one of the most important diseases, which is accompanied by hypoxemia, organ failure, and a high mortality rate. There are several symptoms and causes of lung injuries. In the past years, special attention has been given to investigating the pathophysiology and the treatment of this disease. Octreotide, as an anti-inflammatory, anti-secretory, tissue-repairing, and anti-fibrotic drug, has been considered and administered for the treatment of lung injury. This review article considered the pharmacological effects of octreotide on physiopathological conditions in patients or animal models that have direct or indirect lung injury. Search strategy and findings: Keywords including “octreotide” OR “sandostatin” AND “lung injury” OR “ARDS” OR “respiratory distress” OR “lung fibrosis” were searched in the database of PubMed, and 44 articles were found. According to the direct or indirect lung injury, the articles were classified. Conclusion: It appears that octreotide is a protective drug for the treatment of direct and indirect lung injuries, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-hypersecretory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-neutrophil permeability effects, while also increasing endogenous antioxidants. However, there is still room for extensive research to fully clarify the effectiveness of octreotide for direct or indirect lung injury.

Background: This study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.Methods: This study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. The first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of Iran. They were to identify components of the household health costs. In the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on a content analysis.Results: In the first phase of the study, 93 components of households’ health costs were identified. According to the content analysis, 44 components were categorized as direct costs, 10 components were indirect and 39 components were categorized as intangible.Conclusion: All components of households’ health costs including: direct, indirect and intangible costs, should be considered in the planning and policy-making in the health system.

Following the evolution occurred in Capital Markets and dematerialization of securities, Indirect Holding System (IHS) of Securities was performed so that the risk of Paper Crunch, robbery or loss of physical securities decreases. In this research in addition to investigating the disadvantages of Direct Holding System, we concluded that the main characteristic of this system is the direct relationship between issuer and investor. Indirect Holding System is the direct relationship between issuer and intermediaries such as Central Depository Companies and brokers on one hand and the indirect relationship between issuer and investor on the other hand. Iran obeys Direct Holding System.

The most desirable approach to improve characteristics such as yield with polygenic inheritance and genotype × environment interaction, is simultaneous selection using selection index based on related traits. This study was conducted Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology, to compare selection indices for barley yield improvement under nitrogen stress and non stress conditions, using 49 F13 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Azumamugi and Kanto Nakate Gold. A split plot design with randomized complete block layout in three replications was used. In non-stress condition 100 kg nitrogen per hectare as urea was used at early reproductive growth, stem elongation and grain filling stages. In stress condition, 50 kg nitrogen per hectare was only used at early vegetative growth stage. Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices based on 4 traits (days to heading, harvest index, growth rate and nitrogen harvest index) and also direct and correlated response of these traits were calculated. The result of response to selection and correlated response indicated that the selection based on higher harvest index and nitrogen harvest index under both conditions screens high yielding lines. Harvest index had high weight in both indices under stress and non stress conditions. Under both conditions and for Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices, growth rate had negative correlation coefficients. Therefore, the selection based on these indices, separates lines with lower growth rate. In this study, Smith-Hazel index had higher efficiency.

Purpose: To compare the results of two methods of canalicular laceration repair. Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 50 eyes of 50 patients with lacerated canaliculi who were randomly assigned to two groups. Direct reanastomosis of the lacerated canaliculus was performed using 8-0 Vicryl suture (25 eyes) and indirect repair was performed by reapproximation of the overlying orbicularis muscle using 8-0 vicryl sutures (25 eyes). Bicanalicular silicon stent intubation was performed in both groups and the stent was left in place for 3 months. Probing and irrigation of both canaliculi were performed at the time of stent removal and three months later to ensure anatomical patency.Result: Probing and irrigation at final follow up showed patency in 25 and 24 eyes in the direct and indirect groups, respectively (P=1). Epiphora was completely relieved in 64% of the direct group and 72% of the indirect group (P= 0.5). Postoperative complications in the direct group vs indirect group were as follows: slit punctum (36% vs 28%, P=0.5), canalicular stricture (16% vs 20%, P=0.7) and granulation tissue (zero vs 4%, P=1).Conclusion: There are no statistically significant differences in success and complications rates between the two methods of canalicular laceration repair. Since reapproximation of overlying orbicularis muscle is technically easier, we recommend this method for inexperienced surgeons particularly in medial portion lacerations.